CHAPTER III. CULTURE Article 39. Socialist culture, which is flourishing and developing in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, contributes to improving the creative ability of the working people and to meeting their sound cultural and aesthetic demands. Article 40. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea shall, by carrying out a thorough cultural revolution, train all the people to be builders of socialism equipped with a profound knowledge of nature and society and a high level of culture and technology, thus making the whole of society intellectual. Article 41. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea shall develop a truly people-oriented, revolutionary culture which serves the socialist working people. In building a socialist national culture, the State shall oppose the cultural infiltration of imperialism, protect its national cultural heritage based on the principles of Juche, historicism and scientificity, and develop it in keeping with the existing socialist institution. Article 42. The State shall eliminate the way of life inherited from the outmoded society and establish a new socialist way of life in every sphere. Article 43. The State shall embody the principles of socialist pedagogy so as to raise the rising generation to be steadfast patriots who will fight for society and collectives, the nation and the people, and into the pillars of building socialism knowledgeable, morally sound and physically healthy. Article 44. The State shall give precedence to public education and the training of cadres for the nation and closely combine general education with technological education, and education with productive labour. Article 45. The State shall develop universal compulsory twelve-year education which includes compulsory one-year preschool education at a high level in accordance with the trend of modern science and technology and the practical requirements of socialist construction. Article 46. The State shall train competent scientific and technical experts by enhancing the regular educational system as well as different forms of studying while working, and by improving the content and methods of education, and conditions and environment for education. Article 47. The State shall provide education to all pupils and students free of charge and grant allowances to students at universities and colleges. Article 48. The State shall strengthen social education and provide the working people with all conditions for study. Article 49. The State shall maintain all children of preschool age in creches and kindergartens at State and public expense.